are one of the most useful and widely used components in DeFi and DAO Treasury Management. They are used in AMMs that underpin many of the Decentralised Exchanges (DEX), Loan, and Insurance protocols popular in DeFi. Their applicability extends beyond the limited scope of DeFi, including many different scenarios for Decentralised Autonomous Organization (DAO) governance, project funding, fractional ownership of NFTs etc.

A EUTXO Specific Architecture

The module and Smart Contract design will be engineered specifically for the EUTXO architecture of the Cardano Blockchain. The core design will utilise a batch auction mechanism to maximise throughput and prevent resource contention on the underlying reserve (liquidity pools). The design is based on the Treynor Dealer model[13]: A design that combines an order book (Dealer) as a periodic combinatorial auction with an AMM liquidity pool.

The combinatorial auction is not your typical English Auction! It is an off-chain optimisation algorithm designed to maximise welfare (a fair price for all participants). A single Plutus-Backend node can execute it or run as an Oracle Pool when more complex higher-throughput matching requirements are needed.

Bonding Curve parameters adjust the behaviour to suit specific periodic settlement windows (per-slot, epoch, or other), throughput requirements, shared reserve pool, and transaction matching using metadata. Future extensions include a simple bidding language for more complex matching scenarios found in DAO-2-DAO treasury management; Allowing a form of token-based if-then-that logic.

Please refer to our Catalyst Fund 2 Proposal for more details about Combinatorial Auctions and Oracle Pools[2], and our Catalyst Fund 5 proposal[3] for more details on Bonding Curves and their use.

To design and build the Bonding Curve module and SDK, we are using as a reference the Comos Bond Module[4]; leveraging the economic and system dynamics work already done by Blockscience[5], the Token Engineering[6] community, and Shruti Appiah[7]. As the project gets underway, we will welcome other interested contributors from the community to help build and maintain the project.

Impact on Challenge Metrics

Bonding Curve building blocks make DAO treasury management, governance, and financing tools easier to construct. Many aspects of project funding, team accounting and compensation systems will also benefit. There is no need to keep reinventing the same components. Bonding curves underlie our work with Risk-Adjusted Bonding Curves [14], a novel governance mechanism matching many DAO operational needs.

The bonding-curve module aims to be an essential toolkit for software developers that don't want to dive into learning Haskell, EUTXO, PlutusTx or the Plutus Application Backend. An essential toolkit for technology start-ups that don't have the skills in complexity-science and engineering talent to develop excellent economic protocols.

By focusing on baseline primitives and engineering for reuse across the Cardano Ecosystem, we can make it faster to deploy reliable DAO-focused DApps. DApp developers can easily integrate and interoperate modular Smart Contract mechanisms that we develop, giving customers confidence that their wealth is secure and value streams are fair.

Key Performance Indicators

Key Metric: Project Velocity[8], defined as a combination of base activity metrics of commits pulled from Github.

Activity Metrics: captured as project activity in Github and cadence of deliverables and engineering milestones achieved.

Community Metrics: engagement behaviours are broken down into four categories [9] to measure how our work spreads and is used in the Cardano ecosystem. These metrics derive mostly from Github.

What Success Looks Like

Our proposal will contribute to Cardano's developer ecosystem a module of bonding curve primitives explicitly designed for the EUTXO architecture. They are intended for integration into other higher-level protocols and DApps.

After One Month:

• Initial specifications and scope for bonding curve module completed.
• Nix-based Jupyter notes infrastructure established integrating Nix, Python, and OCaml into a reproducible data science/simulation pipeline.
• Engagement with individuals interested in contributing to the work via a DAO.

After Three Months:

• Developed simulations for the system dynamics of the combinatorial auction design.
• A draft formal specification and tested using Bigrapher[10], a Bigraphical Reactive System (BRS) simulator.
• Pre-Alpha implementation of the core protocols running on testnets.

After Six Months:

• Completed design for the module(s) and implemented the core protocols running on testnets.
• Documentation published explains the design and use of the bonding curve primitives.
• DAO trusted seed is established, and plans to hatch the DAO using Bonding Curves for future funding are developed. The primary purpose of the DAO is to ensure long-term, cost-effective support of the module and continued development.

After Twelve Months:

• Formal specification published
• Production-ready core protocols fully engineered, tested and audited.
• An SDK for one development environment developed (most likely Haskell, with PAB).
• Five projects use the bonding-curve module in their implementation; A mix of DeFi, SoFi protocols, DApps, and DAO.

The project will evolve with the extension of bonding curves to bonding surfaces (see Balancer[11]) and incorporate a bidding language. We are committing to ensuring long-term support that will be managed and funded by a DAO (using bonding curves to fund and govern it!).

Licensing

All our source code will be licensed under a free and open-source (OSI) licence, e.g. MIT, and contributions must be contributed patent-free. Contributors will be required to agree to a Contributor Covenant[12].

Published content will be licensed under the Creative Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike International (CC BY-NC-SA) Licence v4.0. The specification will be published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) licence.

Code, documentation, project activity and Jupyter notebooks will be made available on Github or similar service.

Budget Breakdown

The requested Fund 6 budget is for wages and expenses for six months of the project. We will deliver the initial bonding curve module code and related documentation. Further funds will be requested to continue the work beyond this period, either through Catalyst or direct funding of the yümi DAO.

• Software Specification & Engineering: $53,250 USD (71%)
• Technical Writing: $7,500USD (10%)
• Community Engagement: $3,750USD (5%)
• Project Management: $7,500USD (10%)
• Software Services & Server Fees: $500 x 6 months = $3,000 (%4)

Budget based on a pro-rata hourly rate spread over up to three team members. FTE hourly rate of USD$100 includes all overheads; Adjusted for experience, nature of work, and short term intermittent nature of project funding.

Affiliated proposals

The Bonding Curve module is informed by the bonding curve work used for the Retroactive Project Funding SDK (Fund6) [14]. The Risk-Adjusted Bonding curve consists of four or more bonding curves and demonstrates reuse and composition. The bonding curve module generalises the RABC work to make it more useful in other contexts.

The technology will also help build tools needed to implement the Distributed Autonomous Accelerator[16] and potentially enable rapid funding mechanisms[15] in Catalyst itself.

References

[1] Bonding Curves: <https://medium.com/giveth/deep-dive-augmented-bonding-curves-3f1f7c1fa751>

[2] A Smart Market Toolkit for Cardano. <https://cardano.ideascale.com/a/dtd/A-Smart-Market-prototype-for-NFTs/323408-48088>

[3] AMM for Continuous Financing: <https://cardano.ideascale.com/a/dtd/AMM-for-Continuous-Financing/350654-48088>

[4] Comos Bond Module: <https://github.com/ixoworld/bonds>

[5] Blockscience cadCAD: <https://cadcad.org/>

[6] Token Engineering Community: <https://tecommons.org/>

[7] Shruti Appiah: <https://iohk.io/en/team/shruti-appiah>

[8] Project Velocity: <https://chaoss.community/metric-project-velocity/>

[9] Community Metrics: <https://communityroundtable.com/best-practices/thecrs-work-out-loud-framework/>

[10] Bigrapher: <http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~michele/bigrapher.html>

[11] Bonding Surfaces: <https://medium.com/balancer-protocol/bonding-surfaces-balancer-protocol-ff6d3d05d577>

[12] Contributor Covernant: <https://www.contributor-covenant.org/>

[13] Treynor Dealer model: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treynor_dealer_model

[14] Retroactive Project Funding SDK: <https://cardano.ideascale.com/a/dtd/Retroactive-Project-Funding-SDK/369011-48088>

[15] Catalyst Rapid Funding Mechanism Challenge: <https://cardano.ideascale.com/a/campaign-home/26236>

[16] Distributed Autonomous Accelerator: <https://cardano.ideascale.com/a/dtd/Distributed-Autonomous-Accelerator/382562-48088>